The Sanders classification is a system used to categorize calcaneal fractures, which are fractures of the heel bone in the foot. The classification was developed by Dr. Roy W. Sanders, an American orthopedic surgeon, in 1993.
The Sanders classification divides calcaneal fractures into four categories, based on the location and severity of the fracture:
Type I: This is a simple, non-displaced fracture of the posterior calcaneal tuberosity, which is a bony protrusion at the back of the heel bone. This type of fracture is considered to be relatively minor, and is often treated non-surgically with immobilization and rest.
Type II: This is a displaced fracture of the posterior calcaneal facet, which is the portion of the heel bone that articulates with the talus bone in the ankle joint. This type of fracture can result in joint incongruity (misalignment) and can be associated with long-term complications.
Type III: This is a fracture involving both the posterior calcaneal facet and the middle facet of the heel bone. This type of fracture is more severe than Type II, and is associated with a higher risk of complications.
Type IV: This is a fracture involving the entire calcaneus bone, and is the most severe type of calcaneal fracture. This type of fracture can result in significant joint incongruity and is associated with a high risk of long-term complications.
The Sanders classification can be useful in guiding treatment decisions for calcaneal fractures, as the severity and location of the fracture can impact the likelihood of complications such as joint incongruity and post-traumatic arthritis. Treatment options for calcaneal fractures may include immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign the bones and stabilize the joint, and in some cases, joint replacement surgery.
Overall, the Sanders classification is a valuable tool for healthcare professionals in assessing and managing calcaneal fractures, and can help improve patient outcomes through more targeted and effective treatment.