The Foot & Ankle Medicine Journal
Please find below my index of foot-related information I have compiled. The intended use is for quick reference for my colleagues and patients. I hope that it provides benefit for you. I will intend to update this page on a semi-regular basis to keep pace with new research.
View topics A- Z
Biomechanics
- Coleman block test
- Merton Root
- Root theory
- Sagittal plane theory
- Silfverskiold test
- Simmonds test
- Tissue stress theory
Cancer
- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
- Biopsy
- Chemotherapy-induced foot problems
- Kaposi’s sarcoma
- Malignant melanoma of the foot
- Skin cancer of the foot
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Synovial sarcoma
Classic Articles
Classification systems
- Ankle sprain classification
- Brodsky classification for Charcot arthropathy
- Coughlin & Shurnas classification system for hallux rigidus
- Hardcastle & Myerson classification for Lisfranc injuries
- Hawkins classification for talar fractures
- Hepple MRI staging classification for osteochondral lesions of the talus
- Lauge-Hansen classification system for ankle fractures
- Progressive collapsing flatfoot deformity – Classification system
- Sanders classification for calcaneal fractures
- Sangeorzan classification of navicular body fractures
- Smillie’s classification for Freiberg’s infarction
- Takakura classification for ankle arthritis
- The Fenton classification system for cuboid fractures
- The Gustilo-Anderson classification for open fractures
- The Herscovici classification for medial malleolar fractures
- The Oestern & Tscherne classification for closed fracture soft tissue injuries
- The Ruedi & Allgower classification system for tibial plafond fractures
- Torg classification for fifth metatarsal fractures
- Wagner classification system for diabetic foot ulcers
Connective tissue disorders
Dermatology & nail pathology
- Athlete’s foot
- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
- Biopsy
- Black toenails
- Blister prevention
- Callus
- Cellulitis
- Complex dermatitis
- Corns
- Cracked heels
- Curettage for warts
- Dermatitis
- Do’s and Don’ts of ingrown toenails
- Dry heels
- Eczema
- Erythrasma
- Foot rash
- Fungal nails
- Ingrown toenails
- Ingrown toenails in children
- Kaposi’s sarcoma
- Laser for nail fungus
- Lichen planus
- Malignant melanoma of the foot
- Paronychia
- Plantar wart
- Psoriasis
- Psoriatic nails
- Skin cancer of the foot
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Staph infections of the foot
- Subungual haematoma
- Swift microwave treatment for warts
- Thick toenails
- What do your toenails say about your health?
- White toenails
- Yellow toenails
Diabetes
- Amputation prevention in diabetes
- Benfothiamine for neuropathy
- Brodsky classification for Charcot arthropathy
- Charcot foot
- Diabetes complications and amputation prevention
- Diabetes foot care guidelines
- Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)
- Diabetic shoes
- Foot ulcer
- Surgery considerations for patients with diabetes
- Wagner classification system for diabetic foot ulcers
Frequently asked questions
- Can I drive after breaking my foot?
- Can I drive after foot surgery?
- Can I drive after my cortisone injection?
- Common causes of foot pain in children
- Cortisone injections: what are the benefits and risks?
- Do’s and Don’ts of ingrown toenails
- Foot hygiene advice
- High heeled shoes and foot problems
- How can I prepare my feet for a marathon?
- How can you prevent falls in the elderly?
- How did the human foot evolve?
- How do I choose a pair of supportive shoes?
- How do I get a piece of broken glass out of my foot?
- How do I improve my foot health?
- How do I use my crutches?
- How does pregnancy affect your feet?
- How does smoking affect your feet?
- How to spot children’s foot problems
- I am concerned with my child’s feet. What should I do?
- Is foot pain affecting your golf swing?
- Plantar fasciitis – what happens at a cellular level?
- What do your toenails say about your health?
- What is a podiatric surgeon?
- What is a podiatrist?
- When is it time to see a foot & ankle surgeon?
- When is it time to see a podiatrist?
- When should I worry about my child’s foot pain?
- Why are my feet numb?
- Why do I have cold feet?
- Why does my heel hurt?
- Why won’t my ankle sprain heal?
Paediatrics
- Adult consequences of paediatric foot disorders
- Autism related foot & ankle disorders
- Back to school shoe shopping tips
- Blister prevention
- Calcaneal apophysitis (Sever’s disease)
- Childhood obesity and foot pain
- Children’s feet
- Clinodactyly
- Clubfoot
- Common causes of foot pain in children
- Eczema
- Five signs your child may have a foot problem
- How to spot children’s foot problems
- In-toeing
- Ingrown toenails in children
- Köhler disease
- Metatarsus adductus
- Paediatric flatfoot
- Plantar wart
- Polydactyly
- Salter-Harris classification for growth plate fractures
- Skew foot
- Tarsal coalition
- Tillaux fracture
- Toe walking
- Vertical talus
Pain
Infections
- Cellulitis
- Erythrasma
- MRSA infection of the foot
- Necrotising fasciitis of the foot
- Paronychia
- Preventing infection in foot and ankle surgery
- Septic arthritis
- Staph infections of the foot
Musculoskeletal
- In-toeing
- Ingrown toenails
- Ingrown toenails in children
- Instep fasciotomy (plantar fasciitis surgery)
- Intermetatarsal neuroma
- Iontophoresis
- Is foot pain affecting your golf swing?
– Accessory bones
– Achilles tendon
- Achilles insertional tendinopathy
- Achilles non-insertional tendinopathy
- Achilles tendon disorders
- Achilles tendon rupture
– Ankle
- Ankle arthritis
- Ankle fractures
- Ankle impingement
- Ankle instability – Chronic
- Ankle pain
- Ankle sprain
- Ankle sprain classification
- Ankle syndesmosis injury (high ankle sprain)
- Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) rupture
- Broken ankle
- Chronic ankle instability (CAI)
- Hepple MRI staging classification for osteochondral lesions of the talus
- Lauge-Hansen classification system for ankle fractures
- Pott’s fracture
- Takakura classification for ankle arthritis
- Talar dome lesion
- The Herscovici classification for medial malleolar fractures
- The Ruedi & Allgower classification system for tibial plafond fractures
- Tillaux fracture
- Why won’t my ankle sprain heal?
– Foot types
- Clubfoot
- Drop foot
- Equinus
- Fallen arches
- Flexible flatfoot
- High arched foot (pes cavus)
- Paediatric flatfoot
– Forefoot
- Brachymetatarsia
- Bunions
- Bursitis
- Capsulitis of the second toe
- Clinodactyly
- Coughlin & Shurnas classification system for hallux rigidus
- First metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis
- Freiberg’s infarction
- Hallux rigidus
- Hallux valgus
- Hammertoes
- Intermetatarsal neuroma
- Morton’s neuroma
- Plantar plate tear
- Sesamoid injuries
- Smillie’s classification for Freiberg’s infarction
- Tailor’s bunion
- Turf toe
- Webbed toes
– Fractures
- Ankle fractures
- Broken ankle
- Broken foot
- Calcaneal fracture (heel fracture)
- Can I drive after breaking my foot?
- Fifth metatarsal fracture
- Fractured toe
- Hawkins classification for talar fractures
- Jones fracture
- Nutcracker fracture
- Pott’s fracture
- Salter-Harris classification for growth plate fractures
- Sanders classification for calcaneal fractures
- Sangeorzan classification of navicular body fractures
- Stress fractures
- The Fenton classification system for cuboid fractures
- The Gustilo-Anderson classification for open fractures
- The Herscovici classification for medial malleolar fractures
- The Oestern & Tscherne classification for closed fracture soft tissue injuries
- The Ruedi & Allgower classification system for tibial plafond fractures
- Tillaux fracture
- Torg classification for fifth metatarsal fractures
- Weber classification for fibular fractures
– Hindfoot
- Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD)
- Arch pain
- Bursitis
- Calcaneal apophysitis (Sever’s disease)
- Calcaneal fracture (heel fracture)
- Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)
- Forestier’s disease
- Haglund’s deformity
- Heel pain
- Instep fasciotomy (plantar fasciitis surgery)
- Peroneal tendon injuries
- Peroneal tendon instability
- Plantar fasciitis
- Plantar fasciitis – what happens at a cellular level?
- Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
- Progressive collapsing flatfoot deformity – Classification system
- Sinus tarsi syndrome
- Subtalar joint arthrodesis
- Tarsal coalition
- Tarsal tunnel syndrome
- Tibialis anterior tendinopathy
- Valleix’s sign
- Why does my heel hurt?
– Lower leg
– Midfoot
- Arch pain
- Bursitis
- Dorsal osseous compression syndrome (DOCS)
- Hardcastle & Myerson classification for Lisfranc injuries
- Jacques Lisfranc
- Köhler disease
- Lapidus procedure
- Lisfranc injury
- Metatarsus adductus
- Midfoot arthritis
- Nutcracker fracture
- Sangeorzan classification of navicular body fractures
- The Fenton classification system for cuboid fractures
- Torg classification for fifth metatarsal fractures
Neurology
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease
- Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
- Drop foot
- Intermetatarsal neuroma
- Iontophoresis
- Morton’s neuroma
- Multiple sclerosis and your feet
- Nerve injuries of the foot
- Parkinson’s disease
- Restless leg syndrome
- Surgery considerations for paralysed patients
- Surgery considerations for patients with autism spectrum disorder
- Surgery considerations for patients with dementia
- Surgery considerations for patients with Parkinson’s disease
- Tinel’s sign
- Tingly feet
- Valleix’s sign
- Why are my feet numb?
Pathology
Physiology
Radiology
- Common foot x-ray measurements
- Computed Tomography (CT) for your feet
- Hawkins classification for talar fractures
- Hepple MRI staging classification for osteochondral lesions of the talus
- MRI of your feet
- Salter-Harris classification for growth plate fractures
- Sanders classification for calcaneal fractures
- Scintigraphy (bone scan) for feet
- SPECT-CT for feet
- Ultrasound of the foot
- Weber classification for fibular fractures
- X-rays of your feet
Rheumatology
- Accessory navicular
- Achilles insertional tendinopathy
- Achilles non-insertional tendinopathy
- Achilles tendon disorders
- Achilles tendon rupture
- Acute inflammation in the foot
- Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD)
- Adult consequences of paediatric foot disorders
- Adult-acquired flat-foot
- Amputation prevention in diabetes
- Angioleiomyoma of the foot
- Ankle arthritis
- Ankle fractures
- Ankle impingement
- Ankle instability – Chronic
- Ankle pain
- Ankle sprain
- Ankle sprain classification
- Ankle syndesmosis injury (high ankle sprain)
- Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) rupture
- Arch pain
- Arch supports
- Arthroscopy of the foot & ankle
- Athlete’s foot
- Autism related foot & ankle disorders
- Back to school shoe shopping tips
- Ballet injuries of the foot & ankle
- Barefoot running
- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
- Basketball injuries of the foot & ankle
- Benfothiamine for neuropathy
- Biopsy
- Black toenails
- Blister prevention
- Bone healing
- Bone infection in the foot
- Bone tumours in the foot
- Botox for foot disorders
- Brachymetatarsia
- Brodsky classification for Charcot arthropathy
- Broken ankle
- Broken foot
- Bunions
- Bursitis
- Calcaneal apophysitis (Sever’s disease)
- Calcaneal fracture (heel fracture)
- Calf pain
- Callus
- Can I drive after breaking my foot?
- Can I drive after foot surgery?
Sports
- Ballet injuries of the foot & ankle
- Barefoot running
- Basketball injuries of the foot & ankle
- Compartment syndrome
- Cortisone injections
- Cortisone injections: what are the benefits and risks?
- Dance injuries of the foot & ankle
- Field hockey injuries of the foot & ankle
- Foot injuries in olympic athletes
- Football injuries of the foot & ankle
- Golf injuries of the foot & ankle
- Is foot pain affecting your golf swing?
- Lacrosse injuries of the foot & ankle
- Lisfranc injury
- Netball injuries of the foot & ankle
- Running injuries of the foot & ankle
- Soccer injuries of the foot & ankle
- Tennis injuries of the foot & ankle
Treatments
- Arch supports
- Arthroscopy of the foot & ankle
- Botox for foot disorders
- Can I drive after foot surgery?
- Can I drive after my cortisone injection?
- Cortisone injections
- Cortisone injections: what are the benefits and risks?
- Cosmetic foot surgery
- Curettage for warts
- Custom foot orthotics
- Dry needling
- First metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis
- Foot mobilisation
- Gastrocnemius recession (calf release)
- Instep fasciotomy (plantar fasciitis surgery)
- Lapidus procedure
- Laser for foot pain
- Laser for nail fungus
- Minimally-invasive (keyhole) foot surgery
- Orthotics
- Physiotherapy for foot injuries
- Platelet-rich plasma therapy and feet
- Preventing infection in foot and ankle surgery
- Prolotherapy
- Radiofrequency ablation
- Rehabilitation for foot injuries
- RICE protocol
- Shockwave therapy
- Stem cell treatment
- Strength training of the foot and ankle
- Subtalar joint arthrodesis
- Subtalar joint implants for flat feet
- Swift microwave treatment for warts
- Vitamin C for your feet
- Vitamin D for your feet
- Yoga for foot health
– Medicines
- Botox for foot disorders
- Can I drive after my cortisone injection?
- Cortisone injections
- Cortisone injections: what are the benefits and risks?
- Platelet-rich plasma therapy and feet
- Vitamin C for your feet
- Vitamin D for your feet
– Orthotics
– Surgical
- Arthroscopy of the foot & ankle
- Can I drive after foot surgery?
- Cosmetic foot surgery
- Curettage for warts
- First metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis
- Gastrocnemius recession (calf release)
- Instep fasciotomy (plantar fasciitis surgery)
- Lapidus procedure
- Minimally-invasive (keyhole) foot surgery
- Preventing infection in foot and ankle surgery
- Subtalar joint arthrodesis
- Subtalar joint implants for flat feet
Tumours
- Angioleiomyoma of the foot
- Bone tumours in the foot
- Enchondroma
- Enchondromatosis
- Ganglion
- Spindle cell lipoma of the foot
Vascular
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