Category: Paediatrics

Plantar wart

Posted on March 9, 2023 by - Dermatology & nail pathology, P, Paediatrics

A plantar wart is a type of wart that grows on the bottom of the foot. It is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and is typically transmitted through direct contact with infected skin or surfaces.

Plantar warts often appear as small, hard, rough growths on the heel or ball of the foot, and may be accompanied by pain or tenderness when standing or walking. They may also have tiny black dots on the surface, which are actually small blood vessels that have grown into the wart.

Treatment options for plantar warts include topical medications, such as salicylic acid, which can help to dissolve the wart over time. Cryotherapy, which involves freezing the wart with liquid nitrogen, may also be used to destroy the affected tissue.

In some cases, surgical removal of the wart may be necessary, particularly if conservative treatments are not effective or if the wart is causing significant pain or discomfort. This may involve excision of the wart, laser therapy, or other surgical procedures.

It is important to avoid picking or scratching at plantar warts, as this can spread the virus to other areas of the foot or to other people. Good foot hygiene, including regular washing and drying of the feet, can also help to prevent the spread of HPV and reduce the risk of plantar warts.

Metatarsus adductus

Posted on March 9, 2023 by - M, Midfoot, Paediatrics

Metatarsus adductus is a foot deformity in which the front part of the foot turns inward, causing the toes to point inward as well. It can occur in both children and adults, and can range from mild to severe. Here are some key facts about metatarsus adductus:

Causes:

  • Metatarsus adductus is usually caused by abnormal foetal positioning in the womb, which can cause the foot to develop in a curved or angled position.
  • It can also be caused by genetic factors or conditions that affect muscle or bone development, such as cerebral palsy.

Symptoms:

  • Symptoms of metatarsus adductus can include a visible inward curve of the foot, with the toes pointing inward as well.
  • In more severe cases, the foot may be painful or may cause difficulty walking or wearing shoes.

Diagnosis:

  • A diagnosis of metatarsus adductus is usually made based on a physical examination of the foot and the patient’s medical history.
  • X-rays may be ordered to rule out other conditions or to assess the severity of the deformity.

Treatment:

  • Treatment for metatarsus adductus depends on the severity of the deformity and the patient’s age.
  • In infants, mild cases may resolve on their own with stretching exercises or the use of special shoes or braces.
  • More severe cases may require casting or surgery to correct the position of the foot.

Prognosis:

  • With appropriate treatment, most cases of metatarsus adductus can be corrected.
  • However, in some cases, the deformity may persist or may recur later in life.
  • Patients with metatarsus adductus may need to wear special shoes or orthotics to support the foot and prevent future complications.

In-toeing

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - I, Paediatrics

In-toeing, also known as pigeon toes, is a condition where a person’s feet turn inward instead of pointing straight ahead. It is a common condition in infants and young children, but can also affect older children and adults.

In infants, in-toeing is often caused by the position of the baby in the womb and is usually not a cause for concern. Most children outgrow in-toeing by the age of 8 without treatment. However, in some cases, in toeing can be a sign of an underlying condition that requires medical attention.

In older children and adults, in-toeing can be caused by various factors such as abnormal bone development, muscle weakness, or nerve damage. Treatment options for in-toeing may include physical therapy, special shoes or braces, or in some cases, surgery.

If you are concerned about your child’s in-toeing, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Ingrown toenails in children

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - Dermatology & nail pathology, I, Paediatrics

Ingrown toenails can also affect children and can be caused by factors such as genetics, improper trimming of the toenails, or wearing tight-fitting shoes. Here are some tips for dealing with ingrown toenails in children:

  1. Soak the affected foot in warm water for 15-20 minutes, 2-3 times a day. This can help to reduce pain and swelling.
  2. Gently massage the affected area to help reduce swelling.
  3. Apply an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment to prevent infection.
  4. Encourage your child to wear comfortable shoes that provide plenty of room for their toes.
  5. Make sure your child’s toenails are trimmed straight across and avoid rounding the corners.
  6. If the ingrown toenail is causing severe pain or is showing signs of infection, such as redness, warmth, or pus, it is important to see a podiatrist for proper treatment.
  7. Do not attempt to cut or dig out the ingrown toenail yourself, as this can cause further injury or infection.

Prevention is key in avoiding ingrown toenails in children. Encourage your child to wear properly-fitting shoes and to trim their toenails straight across. If you notice any signs of an ingrown toenail, take action early to prevent the problem from worsening.

Paediatric flatfoot

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - F, Foot types, Paediatrics

Paediatric flatfoot is a common foot condition that affects children and can be classified as either flexible or rigid. Flexible flatfoot is the more common type and occurs when the arch of the foot appears flat when the child is standing, but the arch reappears when the child is sitting or standing on tiptoes. Rigid flatfoot is less common and occurs when the arch of the foot remains flattened regardless of whether the child is standing or sitting. Treatment may include:

  1. Observation and monitoring: Many cases of paediatric flatfoot will improve on their own without intervention, however; it is important for the child’s foot development to be monitored over time to ensure that it is developing properly.
  2. Foot exercises: Stretching and strengthening exercises can help to improve foot and ankle function and reduce pain or discomfort.
  3. Orthotic devices: Custom-made shoe inserts or arch supports can provide additional support to the foot and help to improve foot posture.
  4. Physical therapy: Physical therapy can help to improve foot and ankle strength and flexibility, and may also include manual therapy or massage.

Most experts agree that the adult flatfoot always begins in childhood, and that early intervention is best. Most flat feet in children are flexible and passively correctable early in life, and the persistence of a flatfoot in childhood can result in life-long structural change. Richard O. Schuster, DPM, states that any child with a navicular drop of nine mm, with or without pain, should undergo treatment to prevent symptomatology and deformity later in life.

The recent nomenclature of adult flatfoot has changed from adult acquired flatfoot deformity to progressive collapsing flatfoot deformity, to echo the progression from its paediatric form throughout life, rather than a new adult-onset condition that arises independently.

In rare cases, surgery may be necessary to correct a severe flatfoot deformity or to address underlying structural abnormalities. However, most cases of paediatric flatfoot can be managed with conservative measures and do not require surgical intervention. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider or foot specialist if your child is experiencing foot pain or difficulty with walking.

Five signs your child may have a foot problem

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - F, Paediatrics

It is important to keep an eye on your child’s foot health and development, as foot problems can impact their overall health and well-being. Here are five signs that your child may have a foot problem:

  1. Pain or discomfort: If your child complains of pain or discomfort in their feet, this may be a sign of a foot problem. Pay attention to whether the pain is associated with specific activities or times of day, such as after playing sports or after waking up in the morning.
  2. Walking abnormalities: If your child walks with a limp, or if you notice any abnormalities in their gait, this may be a sign of a foot problem. Pay attention to whether your child is walking on the balls of their feet, or if they are dragging their feet when they walk.
  3. Uneven shoe wear: If your child’s shoes are wearing unevenly, this may be a sign of a foot problem. Check the soles of their shoes for signs of excessive wear on one side, which may indicate an imbalance in their foot or gait.
  4. Toe walking: If your child frequently walks on their tiptoes, this may be a sign of a foot problem. Toe walking can be caused by a variety of conditions, including tightness in the Achilles tendon or muscle weakness.
  5. Abnormal foot appearance: If your child’s feet appear to be misshapen or have an abnormal appearance, this may be a sign of a foot problem. Pay attention to whether your child’s feet appear to be flat or have a high arch, or if there are any visible lumps, bumps, or swelling.

If you notice any of these signs or have concerns about your child’s foot health, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider. A healthcare provider can help to diagnose the underlying cause of the problem and develop an appropriate course of treatment based on your child’s individual needs and medical history.

Eczema

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - Dermatology & nail pathology, E, Paediatrics

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition characterised by red, itchy, and inflamed patches of skin. Eczema can occur on any part of the body, including the feet.

Eczema of the foot can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, allergens, irritants, and stress. Symptoms of eczema on the foot may include:

  • Red, dry, and scaly patches of skin
  • Itching and burning sensation
  • Cracks and fissures in the skin
  • Blisters or oozing

Treatment for eczema of the foot typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications. Here are some tips for managing eczema of the foot:

  • Keep the feet clean and dry
  • Wear comfortable shoes and socks made of natural materials
  • Avoid exposure to irritants such as harsh soaps, detergents, and chemicals
  • Use a moisturiser to prevent dryness and itching
  • Take antihistamines to relieve itching and discomfort
  • Use corticosteroid creams or ointments to reduce inflammation and itching

In some cases, a healthcare provider may recommend other medications, such as immunosuppressants or phototherapy, to manage symptoms of eczema. It is important to work with a healthcare provider to develop a comprehensive treatment plan for eczema of the foot, as untreated eczema can lead to infections or other complications.

Common causes of foot pain in children

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - C, Frequently asked questions, Paediatrics

There are several common causes of foot pain in children, including:

  1. Flat feet: Flat feet occur when the arch of the foot is flattened, leading to pain and discomfort in the feet, legs, and lower back.
  2. Plantar fasciitis: Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain in children and occurs when the plantar fascia, the thick band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot, becomes inflamed.
  3. Sever’s disease: Sever’s disease is a common cause of heel pain in children, particularly in those who are active. It occurs when the growth plate in the heel becomes inflamed.
  4. Ingrown toenails: Ingrown toenails occur when the edge of the toenail grows into the skin surrounding the nail, causing pain, redness, and swelling.
  5. Warts: Warts are caused by a viral infection and can appear on the feet, causing pain and discomfort.
  6. Fractures: Fractures in the foot can occur due to trauma or repetitive stress, causing pain and swelling in the affected area.
  7. Overuse injuries: Children who are active in sports or other physical activities may experience overuse injuries, such as stress fractures, shin splints, or tendonitis.

If your child is experiencing foot pain, it is important to have them evaluated by a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment plan.

Clubfoot

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - C, Foot types, Paediatrics

Clubfoot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus, is a congenital condition that affects one or both feet. It is characterised by a deformity in which the foot is turned inward and downward, and the heel is elevated. The foot is also shorter and narrower than normal.

The cause of clubfoot is not well understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is not a painful condition in infants, but if left untreated, it can cause significant problems later in life, including pain, difficulty walking, and a reduced range of motion in the affected foot.

Treatment for clubfoot usually involves a combination of nonsurgical and surgical interventions, depending on the severity of the condition. Nonsurgical treatments may include the use of casts, braces, or orthotics, while surgery may involve releasing tight tendons or ligaments, or realigning the bones in the foot.

With early and appropriate treatment, most children with clubfoot are able to develop normal walking patterns and lead active, healthy lives.

Children’s feet

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - C, Paediatrics

Children’s feet are unique in many ways compared to adult feet. They are soft and pliable, and they continue to grow and develop rapidly until the age of 13.5 years in females in 15 years in males. Therefore, proper foot care during childhood is essential for ensuring healthy foot development.

Some key differences between children’s feet and adult feet include:

  1. Growth: Children’s feet grow very quickly, and their bones are not fully formed until late adolescence. This means that they are more susceptible to injury and deformities.
  2. Arch: Some children may have excessively flat feet or high arches that require treatment.
  3. Fat padding: Children’s feet have a thick layer of fat that protects the bones and joints. As they grow older, this fat layer gradually thins out, making their feet more vulnerable to injury.
  4. Skin: Children’s skin is more delicate and sensitive than adults, making them more prone to skin conditions such as blisters, calluses, and warts.

It is important to ensure that children wear properly fitting shoes, avoid wearing hand-me-down shoes, and maintain good hygiene to prevent foot problems. Regular visits to a podiatrist can also help detect any foot problems early and prevent them from worsening.