Category: C

Classic Articles

Posted on August 23, 2023 by - C, Classic Articles

Steve Edwards – Classic Article List (Updated August 2023)

Biomechanics

Hicks, J. H. (1954). The mechanics of the foot: II. The plantar aponeurosis and the arch. Journal of Anatomy, 88(Pt 1), 25.

Kirby, K. A. (2001). Subtalar joint axis location and rotational equilibrium theory of foot function. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 91(9), 465-487.

Thordarson, D. B., Schmotzer, H., Chon, J., & Peters, J. (1995). Dynamic support of the human longitudinal arch: A biomechanical evaluation. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 316, 165-172.

Equinus

Amis, J. (2014). The gastrocnemius: A new paradigm for the human foot and ankle. Foot and Ankle Clinics, 19(4), 637-647.

Amis, J. (2016). The split second effect: The mechanism of how equinus can damage the human foot and ankle. Frontiers in Surgery, 3, 38.

DiGiovanni, C. W., Kuo, R., Tejwani, N., et al. (2002). Isolated gastrocnemius tightness. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery – American Volume, 84(6), 962-970.

Patel, A., & DiGiovanni, B. (2011). Association between plantar fasciitis and isolated contracture of the gastrocnemius. Foot and Ankle International, 32(1), 5-8.

First Ray

Johnson, C. H., & Christensen, J. C. (1999). Biomechanics of the first ray part I. The effects of peroneus longus function: A three-dimensional kinematic study on a cadaver model. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 38(5), 313-321.

Rush, S. M., Christensen, J. C., & Johnson, C. H. (2000). Biomechanics of the first ray. Part II: Metatarsus primus varus as a cause of hypermobility. A three-dimensional kinematic analysis in a cadaver model. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 39(2), 68-77.

Bierman, R. A., Christensen, J. C., & Johnson, C. H. (2001). Biomechanics of the first ray. Part III. Consequences of Lapidus arthrodesis on peroneus longus function: A three-dimensional kinematic analysis in a cadaver model. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 40(3), 125-131.

Roling, B. A., Christensen, J. C., & Johnson, C. H. (2002). Biomechanics of the first ray. Part IV: The effect of selected medial column arthrodeses. A three-dimensional kinematic analysis in a cadaver model. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 41(5), 278-285.

Johnson, C. H., & Christensen, J. C. (2005). Biomechanics of the first ray part V: The effect of equinus deformity: A 3-dimensional kinematic study on a cadaver model. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 44(2), 114-120.

Measurements

Lamm, B. M., Stasko, P. A., Gesheff, M. G., & Bhave, A. (2016). Normal foot and ankle radiographic angles, measurements, and reference points. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 55(5), 991-998.

Procedures

Lapidus, P. W. (1934). The operative correction of the metatarsus varus primus in hallux valgus. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics, 58, 183-187.

Keller, W. L. (1904). The surgical treatment of bunions and hallux valgus. New York State Medical Journal, 80, 741-742.

Reverdin, J. (1881). Anatomic et operation de l’hallux valgus. International Medical Congress, 2, 408.

Laird, P., Silvers, S., & Somdahl, J. (1988). Two Reverdin-Laird osteotomy modifications for correction of hallux abducto valgus. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 78, 403.

Evans, D. (1975). Calcaneo-valgus. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 57, 270-278.

Fractures

Lauge-Hansen, N. (1954). Fractures of the ankle. III. Genetic roentgenologic diagnosis of fractures of the ankle. American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy & Nuclear Medicine, 71(3), 456-471.

Lauge-Hansen, N. (1953). Fractures of the ankle. V. Pronation-dorsiflexion fracture. A.M.A. Archives of Surgery, 67(6), 813-820.

Lauge-Hansen, N. (1952). Fractures of the ankle. IV. Clinical use of genetic roentgen diagnosis and genetic reduction. A.M.A. Archives of Surgery, 64(4), 488-500.

Lauge-Hansen, N. (1950). Fractures of the ankle. II. Combined experimental-surgical and experimental-roentgenologic investigations. Archives of Surgery, 60(5), 957-985.

Lauge-Hansen, N. (1949). Ligamentous ankle fractures; diagnosis and treatment. Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica, 97(6), 544-550.

Diabetes

Singh, N., Armstrong, D. G., & Lipsky, B. A. (2005). Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA, 293(2), 217-228.

Boulton, A. J. M., Vileikyte, L., Ragnarson-Tennvall, G., & Apelqvist, J. (2005). The global burden of diabetic foot disease. The Lancet, 366(9498), 1719-1724.

Lavery, L. A., Armstrong, D. G., & Harkless, L. B. (1996). Classification of diabetic foot wounds. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 35(6), 528-531.

Armstrong, D. G., Lavery, L. A., & Harkless, L. B. (1998). Validation of a diabetic wound classification system: The contribution of depth, infection, and ischemia to risk of amputation. Diabetes Care, 21(5), 855-859.

Lipsky, B. A., Berendt, A. R., Deery, H. G., et al. (2004). Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 39(7), 885-910.

Lipsky, B. A. (1997). Osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 25(6), 1318-1326.

Lew, D. P., & Waldvogel, F. A. (2004). Osteomyelitis. The Lancet, 364(9431), 369-379.

Frykberg, R. G., Zgonis, T., Armstrong, D. G., et al. (2006). Diabetic foot disorders: A clinical practice guideline (2006 revision). Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 45(5), S1-S66.

Boulton, A. J. M., Armstrong, D. G., Albert, S. F., et al. (2008). Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment. Diabetes Care, 31(8), 1679-1685.

Rogers, L. C., & Bevilacqua, N. J. (2010). Organized programs to prevent lower-extremity amputations. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 100(2), 101-104.

Cychosz, C. (2015). Preventive and therapeutic strategies for diabetic foot ulcers: A current concepts review. Foot & Ankle International, 36(8), 1071-1107.

Robbins, J. M., & Dillon, J. (2015). Evidence-based approach to advanced wound care products. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 105(5), 456-467.

Fedorko, L., Bowen, J. M., Jones, W., et al. (2016). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy does not reduce indications for amputation in patients with diabetes with nonhealing ulcers of the lower limb: A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. Diabetes Care, 39(3), 392-399.

Sheehan, P., Jones, P., Caselli, A., et al. (2003). Percent change in wound area of diabetic foot ulcers over a 4-week period is a robust predictor of complete healing in a 12-week prospective trial. Diabetes Care, 26(6), 1879-1882.

Apelqvist, J., Bakker, K., Van Houtum, W. H., Nabuurs-Franssen, M. H., & Schaper, N. C. (1999). International consensus on the diabetic foot. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 15(Suppl 1), S6-S8.

Armstrong, D. G., Nguyen, H. C., Lavery, L. A., van Schie, C. H., Boulton, A. J., & Harkless, L. B. (2001). Off-loading the diabetic foot wound: A randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care, 24(6), 1019-1022.

Attinger, C. E., Janis, J. E., Steinberg, J., Schwartz, J., Al-Attar, A., & Couch, K. (2006). Clinical approach to wounds: Debridement and wound bed preparation including the use of dressings and wound healing adjuvants. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 117(7 Suppl), 72S-109S.

Jude, E. B., Oyibo, S. O., Chalmers, N., & Boulton, A. J. (2001). Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and non-diabetic patients: A comparison of severity and outcome. Diabetes Care, 24(8), 1433-1437.

Kalani, M., Drismar, K., Fagrell, B., & Ostergren, J. (1999). Transcutaneous oxygen tension and toe blood pressure as predictors for outcome of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care, 22(1), 147-151.

Lavery, L. A., Armstrong, D. G., Peters, E. J. G., Lipsky, B. A., & Probe to Bone Consensus Group. (2007). Probe-to-bone test for diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis: Reliable or relic? Diabetes Care, 30(2), 270-274.

Wagner, F. W. Jr. (1987). The diabetic foot. Orthopedics, 10(1), 163-172.

Wukich, D. K., Lowery, N. J., McMillen, R. L., & Frykberg, R. G. (2010). Postoperative infection rates in foot and ankle surgery: A comparison of patients with and without diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 92A(2), 287-295.

Tarsal Tunnel

Lam, S. J. (1967). Tarsal tunnel syndrome. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume, 49(1), 87-92. DOI: 0301-620X.49B1.87

Keck, C. (1962). The tarsal tunnel syndrome. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 44, 180-182.

Baxter, D. E., & Thigpen, C. M. (1984). Heel pain: Operative results. Foot & Ankle, 5(1), 16-25.

Baba, H., Wada, M., Annen, S., Azuchi, M., Imura, S., & Tomita, K. (1997). The tarsal tunnel syndrome: Evaluation of surgical results using multivariate analysis. International Orthopaedics, 21(2), 67-71.

Carrel, J. M., Davidson, D. M., & Goldstein, K. T. (1994). Observations on 200 surgical cases of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 11(4), 609-616.

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS/RSD)

Anderson, D. J., & Fallat, L. M. (1999). Complex regional pain syndrome of the lower extremity: A retrospective study of 33 patients. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 38(6), 381-387.

Shah, A., & Kirchner, J. S. (2011). Complex regional pain syndrome. Foot and Ankle Clinics, 16(2), 351-366.

Veldman, P. H., Reynen, H. M., Arntz, I. E., Goris, R. J., & Sigtermans, M. J. (1993). Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A prospective study of 829 patients. The Lancet, 342(8878), 1012-1016.

Nerve Topics

Reilly, T. O., & Gerhardt, M. A. (2002). Anesthesia for foot and ankle surgery. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 19(1).

Buxton, W. G., & Dominick, J. E. (2006). Electromyography and nerve conduction studies of the lower extremity: Uses and limitations. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 23, 531-543.

Locke, R. K., & Locke, S. E. (1976). Nerve blocks of the foot. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 5(9), 698-702.

Kofoed, H. (1982). Peripheral nerve blocks at the knee and ankle in operations for common foot disorders. *Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, (168), 97-101.

Ankle Arthroscopy

Drez, D. J., Guhl, J. H., & Gollehon, D. L. (1981). Ankle arthroscopy: Technique and indications. Foot & Ankle, 2, 138-143.

Bauer, M., Jonsson, K., & Linden, B. (1987). Osteochondritis dissecans of the ankle: A 20-year follow-up study. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume, 69(1), 93-96.

Branca, A., Di Palma, L., Bucca, C., et al. (1997). Arthroscopic treatment of anterior ankle impingement. Foot & Ankle International, 18(7), 418-423.

Glick, J. M., Morgan, C. D., Myerson, M. S., et al. (1996). Ankle arthrodesis using arthroscopic method: Long-term follow-up of 34 cases. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 12(4), 428-434.

Carlson, M. J., & Ferkel, R. D. (2013). Complications in ankle and foot arthroscopy. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 21(2), 135-139.

Ferkel, R. D., & Scranton, P. E. Jr. (1993). Arthroscopy of the ankle and foot. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 75(8), 1233-1242.

Ferkel, R. D., & Fasulo, G. J. (1994). Arthroscopic treatment of ankle injuries. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 25(1), 17-32.

Jaivin, J. S., & Ferkel, R. D. (1994). Arthroscopy of the foot and ankle. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 13(4), 761-783.

Stetson, W. B., & Ferkel, R. D. (1996). Ankle arthroscopy: I. Technique and complications. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 4(1), 17-23.

Stetson, W. B., & Ferkel, R. D. (1996). Ankle arthroscopy: II. Indications and results. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 4(1), 24-34.

Williams, M. M., & Ferkel, R. D. (1998). Subtalar arthroscopy: Indications, technique, and results. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 14(4), 373-381.

Ferkel, R. D., & Hewitt, M. (2005). Long-term results of arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis. Foot & Ankle International, 26(4), 275-280.

Ferkel, R. D., Zanotti, R. M., Komenda, G. A., Sgaglione, N. A., Cheng, M. S., Applegate, G. R., & Dopirak, R. M. (2008). Arthroscopic treatment of chronic osteochondral lesions of the talus: Long-term results. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(9), 1750-1762.

Hindfoot and Ankle Arthritis

Ahmad, J., & Pedowitz, D. (2012). Management of the Rigid Arthritic Flatfoot in Adults: Triple Arthrodesis. Foot & Ankle Clinics, 17(2), 337-349. 

Aronow, M. S., & Hakim-Zargar, M. (2007). Management of Hindfoot Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Foot & Ankle Clinics, 12(3), 455-474. 

Astion, D. J., Deland, J. T., Otis, J. C., & Kenneally, S. (1997). Motion of the Hindfoot after Simulated Arthrodesis. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 79(2), 241-246. 

Bibbo, C., Anderson, R. B., & Davis, W. H. (2001). Complications of Midfoot and Hindfoot Arthrodesis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, (391), 45-59. 

Buck, P., Morrey, B. F., & Chao, E. Y. (1987). The Optimum Position of Arthrodesis of the Ankle: A Gait Study of the Knee and Ankle. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 69, 1052-1062. 

Chen, C. H., Huang, P. J., Chen, T. B., et al. (2001). Isolated Talonavicular Arthrodesis for Talonavicular Arthritis. Foot & Ankle International, 22, 633-636.

Chuinard, E., & Peterson, R. (1983). Distraction-Compression Bone-Graft Arthrodesis of the Ankle. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 45, 481-490. 

Coester, L. M., Saltzman, C. L., Leupold, J., & Pontarelli, W. (1989). Long-term Results Following Ankle Arthrodesis for Post-traumatic Arthritis. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 83(2), 219-228. 

Cooper, P. S. (2001). Complications of Ankle and Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, (391), 33-44. 

Dalziel, R., Thornhill, T. S., & Thomas, W. H. (1982). Isolated Talonavicular Fusion for Hindfoot Arthritis. Orthopedic Trans., 6, 341. 

Dennis, M. D., & Tullos, H. S. (1980). Blair Tibiotalar Arthrodesis for Injuries to the Talus. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 62, 103-117.

Donatto, K. C. (1998). Arthritis and Arthrodesis of the Hindfoot. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, (349), 81-92.

Fallace, J. J., Leopold, S. S., & Brage, M. E. (2000). Extended Hindfoot Fusions and Pantalar Fusions. History, Biomechanics and Clinical Results. Foot & Ankle Clinics, 5(4), 777-798. 

Greisberg, J., & Sangeorzan, B. (2007). Hindfoot Arthrodesis. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 15, 65-71. 

Glissan, D. J. (1949). The Indications for Inducing Fusion at the Ankle Joint by Operation with Description of Two Successful Techniques. Aust NZ J Surg., 19, 64-71.

Horwitz, T. (1942). The Use of the Transfibular Approach in the Arthrodesis of the Ankle. The American Journal of Surgery, 60, 550-552. 

Joseph, T. N., & Myerson, M. S. (2005). Correction of Multiplanar Hindfoot Deformity with Osteotomy, Arthrodesis, and Internal Fixation. Instr Course Lect., 54, 269-276. 

Khoury, N. J., elKhoury, G. Y., Saltzman, C. L., & Brandser, E. A. (2003). Intraarticular Foot and Ankle Injections to Identify Source of Pain before Arthrodesis. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, 167(3), 669-673. 

Lorthioir, J. (1911). Huit ras d’arthrodese du pied avec extirpation temporaire de l’astragala. Ann Soc Belge Chir., 11, 184-187. 

Lundeen, R. O. (1994). Arthroscopic Fusion of the Ankle and Subtalar Joint. Clinical Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 11(3), 395-406. 

Mandracchia, V. J., Mandi, D. M., Nickles, W. A., et al. (2004). Pantalar Arthrodesis. Clinical Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 21, 461-470.

Moss, M., Radack, J., & Rockett, M. S. (2004). Subtalar Arthrodesis. Clinical Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 21(2), 179-201.

Muir, D. C., Amendola, A., & Saltzman, C. L. (2002). Long-term Outcome of Ankle Arthrodesis. Foot & Ankle Clinics of North America, 7(4), 703-708. 

Myerson, M. S., & Quill, G. (1991). Ankle Arthrodesis: A Comparison of an Arthroscopic and an Open Method of Treatment. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 268, 84-95. 

Nickisch, F., Avilucea, F. R., Beals, T., & Saltzman, C. (2011). Open Posterior Approach for Tibiotalar Arthrodesis. Foot & Ankle Clinics, 16(1), 103-114. 

Nuesch, C., Barg, A., Pagenstert, G. I., & Valderrabano, V. (2013). Biomechanics of Asymmetric Ankle Osteoarthritis and Its Joint-Preserving Surgery. Foot & Ankle Clinics, 18(3), 427-436. 

Rammelt, S., & Zwipp, H. (2013). Corrective Arthrodesis and Osteotomies for Post-Traumatic Hindfoot Malalignment: Indications, Techniques, Results. International Orthopaedics, 37(9), 1707-1717. 

Ryerson, E. W. (1923). Arthrodesing Operations on the Foot. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 5, 453-471.

Saltzman, C. L., Salamon, M. L., Blanchard, G. M., et al. (2005). Epidemiology of Ankle Arthritis: Report of a Consecutive Series of 639 Patients from a Tertiary Orthopaedic Center. Iowa Orthopedic Journal, 25, 444-446. 

Snedeker, J. G., Wirth, S. H., & Espinosa, N. (2012). Biomechanics of the Normal and Arthritic Ankle Joint. Foot & Ankle Clinics, 17(4), 517-528. 

Thomas, R. H., & Daniels, T. R. (2003). Current Concepts Review: Ankle Arthritis. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 85, 923-936. 

Wapner, K. L. (1998). Triple Arthrodesis in Adults. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 6(3), 188-196. 

Wilson, P. D. (1927). Treatment of the Fractures of OS Calcis by Arthrodesing of the Subtalar Joint: A Report on 26 Cases. Journal of the American Medical Association, 89, 1676-1683. 

Non-Unions Delayed Unions

Bolhofner, B. R., Finnergan, M., & Landy, D. W. (2010). Chapter 14: Nonunions and Malunions. In A. H. Schmidt & D. C. Teague (Eds.), Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Trauma 4 AAOS.

Chiodo, C. P., Cicchinelli, L., Kadakia, A. R., Schuberth, J., & Weil Jr., L. (2010). Malunion and Nonunion in Foot and Ankle Surgery. Foot & Ankle Specialist, 3(4), 194-200.

Hak, D. J., Fitzpatrick, D., Bishop, J. A., Marsh, J. L., Tilp, S., Schnettler, R., Simpson, H., & Alt, V. (2014). Delayed Union and Nonunions: Epidemiology, Clinical Issues, and Financial Aspects. Injury, 45(Suppl 2), S3-S7.

Mandracchia, V. J., Nickles, W. A., Mandi, D. M., Jaeger, A. J., & Sanders, S. M. (2004). Treatment of Nonunited Hindfoot Fusions. Podiatric Medical and Surgical Journal, 21(3), 417-439.

Marsh, D. (1998). Concepts of Fracture Union, Delayed Union, and Nonunion. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 355(Suppl), S22-S30.

Martone, J., Poel, L. V., & Levy, N. (2012). Complications of Arthrodesis and Nonunion. Clinical Podiatry and Medical Surgery, 29(1), 11-18.

Molloy, A. P., Roche, A., & Narayan, B. (2009). Treatment of Nonunion and Malunion of Trauma of the Foot and Ankle Using External Fixation. Foot and Ankle Clinics, 14(3), 563-587.

Schoelles, K., Snyder, D., Kaczmarek, J., Kuserk, E., Erinoff, E., Turkelson, C., & Coates, V. (2005). The Role of Bone Growth Stimulating Devices and Orthobiologics in Healing Nonunion Fractures. AHRQ Technology Assessments / Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Shibuya, N., Humphers, J. M., Fluhman, B. L., & Jupiter, D. C. (2013). Factors Associated with Nonunion, Delayed Union, and Malunion in Foot and Ankle Surgery in Diabetic Patients. The Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery, 52(2), 207-211.

Thevendran, G., Younger, A., & Pinney, S. (2012). Current Concepts Review: Risk Factors for Nonunions in Foot and Ankle Arthrodeses. Foot & Ankle International, 33(11), 1031-1040.

Surgical Site Infections

Akinyoola, A. L., Adegbehingbe, O. O., & Odunsi, A. (2011). Timing of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Tourniquet Surgery. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 50(4), 374-376.

Bibbo, C., Patel, D. V., Gehrmann, R. M., & Lin, S. S. (2005). Chlorhexidine Provides Superior Skin Decontamination in Foot and Ankle Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Study. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 438, 204-208.

Deacon, J. S., Wertheimer, S. J., & Washington, J. A. (1996). Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Tourniquet Application in Podiatric Surgery. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 35(4), 344-349.

Kubota, A., Nakamura, T., Miyazaki, Y., Sekiguchi, M., & Suguro, T. (2012). Perioperative Complications in Elective Surgery in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Biologics. Modern Rheumatology, 22(6), 844-848.

Mote, G. A., & Malay, D. S. (2010). Efficacy of Power-Pulsed Lavage in Lower Extremity Wound Infections: A Prospective Observational Study. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 49(2), 135-142.

Rabih, O. D., & Darouiche, R. O. et al. (2010). Chlorhexidine–Alcohol versus Povidone–Iodine for Surgical-Site Antisepsis. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(1), 18-26.

Zgonis, T., Jolly, G. P., & Garbalosa, J. C. (2004). The Efficacy of Prophylactic Intravenous Antibiotics in Elective Foot and Ankle Surgery. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 43(2), 97-103.

Paediatric Flatfoot

Blitz, N. M., Stabile, R. J., Giorgini, R. J., & DiDomenico, L. A. (2010). Flexible Pediatric and Adolescent Pes Planovalgus: Conservative and Surgical Treatment Options. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 27(1), 59-111. 

Cappello, T., & Song, K. M. (1998). Determining Treatment of Flatfeet in Children. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 10, 77-81.

Dare, D. M., & Dodwell, E. R. (2014). Pediatric Flatfoot: Cause, Epidemiology, Assessment and Treatment. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 26(1), 93-100.

Evans, D., & Cardiff, W. (1975). Calcaneo-Valgus Deformity. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British Volume), 57(3), 270-278.

Giannini, S., Ceccarelli, F., Benedetti, M. G., et al. (2001). Surgical Treatment of Flexible Flatfoot in Children: A Four Year Follow Up Study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume), 83(Suppl 2, Pt 2), 73-79. 

Grice, D. S. (1952). An Extra-Articular Arthrodesis of the Subastragalar Joint for Correction of Paralytic Flat Feet in Children. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume), 34, 972-940. 

Harris, E. J., Vanore, J. V., Thomas, J. L., Kravitz, S. R., Mendelson, S. A., Mendicino, R. W., Silvani, S. H., & Couture Gassen, S. (2004). Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Flatfoot (Clinical Practice Guideline). Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 43(6), 341-370. 

Herndon, C. H., & Heyman, C. H. (1963). Problems in the Recognition and Treatment of Congenital Convex Pes Valgus. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume), 45, 413-429.

Labovitz, J. M. (2006). The Algorithmic Approach to Pediatric Flexible Pes Planovalgus. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 23(1), 57-76. 

Mahan, K. T., & McGlamry, E. D. (1987). Evans Calcaneal Osteotomy for Flexible Pes Valgus Deformity. A Preliminary Study. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 4, 137–151.

Mosca, V. S. (1995). Flexible Flatfoot and Skewfoot. An Instructional Course Lecture. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume), 77, 1937-1945.

Patterson, W. R., Fritz, D. A., & Smith, W. S. (1968). The Pathologic Anatomy of Congenital Convex Pes Valgus. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume), 50, 458. 

Pavone, V., et al. (2013). Calcaneo-Stop Procedure in the Treatment of Juvenile Symptomatic Flatfoot. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 52, 444–447. 

Rodriguez, N., & Volpe, R. G. (2010). Clinical Diagnosis and Assessment of the Pediatric Pes Planovalgus Deformity. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 27(1), 43-58. 

Roye, D. P., & Raimondo, R. A. (2000). Surgical Treatment of the Child’s and Adolescent’s Flexible Flatfoot. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 17(3), 515-530.

Scranton, P. E. (1987). Treatment of Symptomatic Talocalcaneal Coalition. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume), 69, 533–539. 

Silvani, S. H. (1987). Congenital Convex Pes Valgus. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 4, 163-173.

Sullivan, J. A. (1999). Pediatric Flatfoot: Evaluation and Management. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 7, 445-453. 

Tachdjian, M. O. (1972). Congenital Convex Pes Valgus. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 3, 131–148.

Total Ankle Arthroplasty

Bibbo, C. (2012). Controversies in Total Ankle Replacement. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 30, 21-34. 

Conti, S. F., & Wong, Y. S. (2002). Complications of Total Ankle Replacement. Foot and Ankle Clinics of North America, 7, 791-807.

DiDomenico, L., & Anania, M. (2011). Total Ankle Replacements: An Overview. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 28(4), 727-744. 

Esparragoza, L., Vidal, C., & Vaquero, J. (2011). Comparative Study of the Quality of Life Between Arthrodesis and Total Arthroplasty Substitution of the Ankle. Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery, 50, 383-387. 

Gougoulias, N., Khanna, A., & Maffulli, N. (2009). History and Evolution in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. British Medical Bulletin, 89(1), 111-151.

Gougoulias, N., & Maffulli, N. (2012). History of Total Ankle Replacement. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 30, 1-20. 

Guyer, A., & Richardson, E. (2008). Current Concepts Review: Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot & Ankle International, 29, 256.

Henne, T., & Anderson, J. (2002). Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Historical Perspective. Foot and Ankle Clinics of North America, 7, 695-702.

Lagaay, P., & Schuberth, J. (2010). Analysis of Ankle Range of Motion and Functional Outcome Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery, 49, 147-151. 

Overly, B. (2012). Total Ankle Replacement: A Historical Perspective. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 29(4), 547-570. 

Roukis, T., & Prissel, M. (2013). Registry Data Trends of Total Ankle Replacement Use. Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery, 52, 728-735. 

Valderrabano, V., Nigg, B., von Tscharner, V., Frank, C., & Hintermann, B. (2007). Total Ankle Replacement in Ankle Osteoarthritis: An Analysis of Muscle Rehabilitation. Foot & Ankle International, 28(2), 282-291.

Valderrabano, V., Pagenstert, G., Muller, A., Paul, J., Henninger, H., & Barg, A. (2012). Mobile- and Fixed-Bearing Total Ankle Prostheses. Is There Really a Difference? Foot & Ankle Clinics, 17(4), 565-585. 

Zaidi, R., Cro, S., Gurusamy, K., Siva, N., Macgregor, A., Henricson, A., & Goldberg, A. (2013). The Outcome of Total Ankle Replacement: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Bone & Joint Journal, 95-B(11), 1500-1507.

Coughlin & Shurnas classification system for hallux rigidus

Posted on August 12, 2023 by - C, Classification systems, Forefoot


The Coughlin and Shurnas classification system is used to categorize different stages of hallux rigidus, a degenerative condition of the big toe joint (first metatarsophalangeal joint) that leads to stiffness and limited motion. This classification system helps surgeons and medical professionals assess the severity of hallux rigidus and determine appropriate treatment strategies.

The Coughlin and Shurnas classification for hallux rigidus consists of four stages:

Stage 0: No arthritic changes are present. The joint has normal or near-normal function, and there is no pain or stiffness.

Stage 1: Mild or early-stage hallux rigidus. Some joint space narrowing and osteophyte formation (bone spurs) are present. There might be mild pain and stiffness with movement.

Stage 2: Moderate hallux rigidus. The joint space is further reduced, and larger osteophytes are present. Joint motion is more restricted, and pain is more pronounced, especially during push-off while walking.

Stage 3: Severe hallux rigidus. The joint space is significantly narrowed or obliterated, and osteophytes are prominent. Joint motion is severely limited, and the patient experiences significant pain and dysfunction, even during walking.

Clinodactyly

Posted on March 23, 2023 by - C, Forefoot, Paediatrics

Clinodactyly is a medical term describing the curvature of a digit (a finger or toe) in the plane of the palm, most commonly the fifth finger (the “little finger”) towards the adjacent fourth finger (the “ring finger”).

It is a fairly common isolated anomaly which often goes unnoticed, but also occurs in combination with other abnormalities in certain genetic syndromes.[1] The term is from the Ancient Greek κλίνειν klínein ‘to bend’ and δάκτυλος dáktulos ‘digit’.

Common foot x-ray measurements

Posted on March 10, 2023 by - C, Radiology

Here are 22 of the most common foot X-ray measurements:

  1. Medial malleolar distance: The distance between the medial malleolus (inside ankle bone) and the center of the talus to assess ankle joint stability.
  2. Lateral malleolar distance: The distance between the lateral malleolus (outside ankle bone) and the center of the talus to assess ankle joint stability.
  3. Talar declination angle: The angle between the talar dome (top of the ankle bone) and a horizontal line to assess the vertical alignment of the talus.
  4. Talar-first metatarsal angle: The angle between the long axis of the talus and the long axis of the first metatarsal to assess forefoot and midfoot alignment.
  5. Calcaneal inclination angle: The angle between the calcaneal axis (line from the top of the calcaneus to the bottom) and a line perpendicular to the floor to assess hindfoot alignment.
  6. Talocalcaneal angle: The angle formed between the line bisecting the talus and the calcaneus to assess hindfoot alignment.
  7. Tibiotalar angle: The angle formed between the tibial axis (line from the top to the bottom of the tibia) and the talus to assess ankle joint alignment.
  8. Anterior tibial translation: The distance between the tibial plafond (top of the tibia) and the anterior edge of the talus to assess anterior ankle instability.
  9. Talar tilt angle: The angle between the talar neck (narrow part of the ankle bone) and a line perpendicular to the floor to assess ankle joint instability.
  10. First metatarsophalangeal joint angle: The angle between the first metatarsal and the proximal phalanx of the big toe to assess hallux valgus deformity.
  11. Intermetatarsal angle: The angle between the first and second metatarsals to assess hallux valgus deformity.
  12. Hallux interphalangeal angle: The angle between the proximal and distal phalanges of the big toe to assess hallux rigidus deformity.
  13. Calcaneal pitch angle: The angle between the calcaneal axis and a line perpendicular to the floor to assess hindfoot alignment.
  14. Arch angle: The angle between the navicular bone and the first metatarsal to assess foot arch height.
  15. Naviculocuneiform angle: The angle formed between the navicular bone and the medial cuneiform bone to assess forefoot alignment.
  16. Meary’s angle: The angle formed between the first metatarsal and the talus to assess forefoot alignment.
  17. Metatarsal protrusion distance: The distance between the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal and the second metatarsal to assess forefoot alignment.
  18. First metatarsal declination angle: The angle formed between the first metatarsal and the ground to assess forefoot alignment.
  19. Sesamoid position: The position of the sesamoid bones (small bones under the big toe joint) to assess hallux valgus deformity.
  20. Distal metatarsal articular angle: The angle between the first metatarsal shaft and the articular surface of the head of the metatarsal to assess hallux rigidus deformity.
  21. Proximal phalanx articular angle: The angle between the proximal phalanx of the big toe and the metatarsal head to assess hallux valgus deformity.
  22. Metatarsal parabola angle: The angle formed between the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal

Coleman block test

Posted on March 10, 2023 by - Biomechanics, C

The Coleman block test, also known as the subtalar joint neutral test, is a clinical assessment tool used by podiatrists and other healthcare professionals to evaluate the alignment and motion of the subtalar joint in the foot. The test is named after Dr. James Coleman, who developed the technique in the early 1980s.

During the Coleman block test, the patient stands with the foot to be tested on a specially designed block, with the forefoot and toes elevated and the heel hanging off the edge of the block. The examiner then uses their hands to gently invert and evert the hindfoot, while applying axial compression to the leg.

The goal of the Coleman block test is to find the position of subtalar joint neutral, which is the position in which the subtalar joint is in a neutral or mid-range position, with neither excessive pronation nor supination. This position is considered to be the optimal alignment for the subtalar joint during weight-bearing activities.

The Coleman block test can be useful in diagnosing and treating various foot and ankle conditions, including flatfoot deformity, plantar fasciitis, and ankle sprains. Treatment options for abnormal subtalar joint alignment may include orthotics, physical therapy, and footwear modifications to restore balance and improve foot function.

Overall, the Coleman block test is a simple, non-invasive clinical tool that can provide valuable information about subtalar joint alignment and function in the foot, and help guide treatment decisions for a range of foot and ankle conditions.

Custom foot orthotics

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - C, Orthotics

Prescription orthotics are custom-made shoe inserts that are designed to fit a patient’s unique foot shape and address any specific foot issues or conditions they may have. These inserts are created using a mould or scan of the patient’s feet, which is then used to manufacture the orthotic device.

Prescription orthotics can be used to treat a wide range of foot and lower limb conditions, such as plantar fasciitis, flat feet, high arches, and arthritis. They are typically made from a variety of materials, including foam, plastic, and leather, and may be rigid or flexible, depending on the patient’s needs.

Prescription orthotics are different from over-the-counter shoe inserts or insoles, which are designed to provide additional cushioning or support but are not custom-made for an individual’s foot. While over-the-counter inserts may be helpful for some individuals, prescription orthotics are generally considered more effective for treating specific foot conditions or addressing biomechanics issues.

Curettage for warts

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - C, Dermatology & nail pathology, Surgical

Wart curettage is a medical procedure used to remove warts by scraping or cutting them away from the skin. The procedure is typically performed using a small, sharp instrument called a curette. The area is first numbed with a local anaesthetic, and then the wart is scraped or cut away using the curette.

After the procedure, the wound is typically covered with a bandage or dressing. Pain relief medication may be prescribed, and patients are usually advised to avoid getting the area wet for a few days after the procedure.

Wart curettage is generally considered a safe and effective treatment for warts, but there is a risk of scarring or infection, particularly if the wound is not properly cared for after the procedure. It is important to follow your doctor’s instructions carefully and to contact them if you experience any signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or fever.

Computed Tomography (CT) for your feet

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - C, Radiology

A CT (computed tomography) scan is a type of medical imaging test that uses X-rays and advanced computer technology to create detailed images of the bones, muscles, and other tissues in the foot. A foot CT scan can help doctors diagnose a wide range of foot and ankle conditions, such as fractures, tumours, arthritis, and deformities.

During a foot CT scan, the patient lies on a table that slides into a machine that takes multiple X-ray images of the foot from different angles. The X-ray images are then processed by a computer to create detailed cross-sectional images of the foot that can be viewed on a monitor or printed out.

Foot CT scans are typically performed on an outpatient basis and can take anywhere from 15 to 45 minutes, depending on the complexity of the scan. Before the scan, the patient may be required to remove any metal objects from their body and change into a hospital gown. After the scan, the patient can usually resume normal activities immediately. The results of the scan are typically available within a few days and will be reviewed by a doctor or radiologist.

How do I use my crutches?

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - C, Frequently asked questions

Using crutches properly can help you maintain mobility and avoid further injury. Here are the basic steps for using crutches:

  1. Adjust the crutches to your height: The top of the crutches should be about 1-2 inches below your armpits, and the handgrips should be at hip level.
  2. Position the crutches: Place the crutches about one foot in front of you, with the tips pointing forward.
  3. Support your weight on your hands: Lean forward slightly and place both crutches under your arms, making sure to grip the handgrips.
  4. Move the crutches and affected leg forward: Step forward with your good foot, then move the crutches and the affected leg forward, making sure to keep the crutches steady and the affected foot elevated off the ground.
  5. Shift your weight onto the crutches: Once the affected foot is firmly on the ground, shift your weight onto the crutches.
  6. Repeat the process: Continue to move the crutches and affected leg forward, shifting your weight onto the crutches as you go.
  7. Practice safe crutch use: Make sure to avoid uneven surfaces and keep your crutches at a safe distance from other objects.

Remember to always follow your healthcare provider’s instructions on how to use crutches and seek medical attention if you experience any pain or discomfort while using them.

Cracked heels

Posted on March 8, 2023 by - C, Dermatology & nail pathology

Cracked heels, also known as heel fissures, occur when the skin on the bottom of the heel becomes dry, thick, and callused. This can lead to the skin cracking, which can be both painful and unsightly. Some common causes of cracked heels include dry skin, standing for long periods of time, wearing open-backed shoes, being overweight, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes or hypothyroidism.

Treatment for cracked heels typically involves moisturising the skin and using a pumice stone or foot file to remove any thick, callused skin. In more severe cases, a podiatrist may recommend a topical medication or prescribe custom orthotics to help redistribute pressure on the foot.

Prevention of cracked heels involves keeping the feet well-moisturised, wearing properly fitting shoes, and avoiding prolonged standing or walking on hard surfaces. It is also important to maintain good foot hygiene and to treat any underlying medical conditions that may be contributing to the problem.