Category: Dermatology & nail pathology

Yellow toenails

Posted on March 9, 2023 by Steve - Dermatology & nail pathology, Y

Yellow toenails can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

Fungal Infection: One of the most common causes of yellow toenails is a fungal infection, which can cause the nails to thicken, become discoloured, and become brittle.
Nail Polish: Frequent use of dark nail polish can stain the nails, causing them to appear yellow.
Smoking: Smoking can cause the nails to become yellow, as well as other discolourations.
Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, psoriasis, or thyroid problems, can cause changes in the colour and texture of the toenails.
Age: As we age, the nails may become more brittle and discoloured, including turning yellow.

If you are experiencing yellow toenails, it’s important to see a healthcare provider or a podiatrist to determine the underlying cause of the problem. Treatment options may include anti-fungal medications, topical treatments, or laser therapy for fungal infections, as well as lifestyle changes or medications for underlying medical conditions. In some cases, yellow toenails may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, so it’s important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing persistent discolouration of the toenails.

White toenails

Posted on March 9, 2023 by Steve - Dermatology & nail pathology, W

White toenails can be a sign of a few different conditions, including:

Fungal infection: A fungal infection, such as toenail fungus, can cause the toenail to turn white or yellow and become thick and brittle.
Trauma: Trauma to the toenail, such as from stubbing your toe or dropping something heavy on it, can cause the toenail to turn white or discolored.
Psoriasis: Psoriasis is a skin condition that can affect the nails, causing them to turn white, yellow, or brown.
Nutritional deficiencies: A lack of certain vitamins and minerals in the diet, such as zinc or protein, can cause the toenails to become white and brittle.
Allergic reaction: An allergic reaction to certain products or materials, such as nail polish or acrylic nails, can cause the toenails to turn white or become discoloured.

If you are experiencing white toenails, it’s important to see a healthcare provider or a podiatrist to determine the underlying cause of the problem. They can help diagnose the condition and recommend appropriate treatments, such as anti-fungal medications or dietary changes, to help improve the health of your toenails.

What do your toenails say about your health?

Posted on March 9, 2023 by Steve - Dermatology & nail pathology, Frequently asked questions, W

Your toenails can provide important clues about your overall health. Here are some signs that your toenails may indicate about your health:

Yellow, thick, or brittle toenails: These may be a sign of a fungal infection. Fungal infections of the toenails are relatively common and can be treated with anti-fungal medications.
White spots or lines on the toenails: These may be a sign of trauma to the nail or a fungal infection. In most cases, they are not serious and will grow out over time.
Blue or black toenails: These may be a sign of a bruise or other injury to the toenail. In rare cases, they may be a sign of melanoma, so it’s important to have them evaluated by a healthcare provider if they do not improve over time.
Spoon-shaped toenails: These may be a sign of iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency can also cause other symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.
Nails with ridges or bumps: These may be a sign of psoriasis or other skin conditions. In some cases, they may also be a sign of an underlying systemic condition such as thyroid disease.
Clubbed toenails: Clubbing refers to the rounding and thickening of the toenails, and it is often a sign of a lung or heart condition.

Overall, it’s important to pay attention to any changes in your toenails and consult with a healthcare provider if you notice any unusual signs or symptoms. They can help determine whether further testing or treatment is necessary.

Thick toenails

Posted on March 9, 2023 by Steve - Dermatology & nail pathology, T

Thick toenails, also known as onychauxis, is a common condition that can affect people of all ages. It is usually caused by an overgrowth of the nail plate, which can make the nail appear thicker and more yellowed than normal. Some of the common causes of thick toenails include:

Fungal Infection: This is the most common cause of thick toenails. Fungal infections, also known as onychomycosis, can cause the nails to become discoloured, thickened, and brittle.
Trauma: If you have injured your toenail, it may grow back thicker than before. This is because the nail matrix, which is responsible for nail growth, may have been damaged during the injury.
Aging: As you age, your toenails may grow more slowly and become thicker.
Systemic Illness: Certain medical conditions, such as psoriasis, diabetes, and peripheral vascular disease, can cause thick toenails.
Genetics: Some people may be more prone to developing thick toenails due to their genetic makeup.

Treatment for thick toenails depends on the underlying cause. If the cause is a fungal infection, anti-fungal medication may be prescribed to treat the infection. In some cases, oral medication or topical medication may be used. If the cause is trauma or injury, the nail may need to be removed or the underlying condition treated. In some cases, surgery may be required to correct the problem. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if you are experiencing thick toenails, as they can help diagnose the underlying cause and recommend appropriate treatment.

Swift microwave treatment for warts

Posted on March 9, 2023 by Steve - Dermatology & nail pathology, Other, S

Swift Microwave treatment is a relatively new treatment for warts that uses microwave energy to destroy the virus that causes warts. It is a non-invasive, quick, and effective treatment that is designed to reduce pain and speed up the healing process.

During the treatment, a handheld device emits microwave energy to the affected area, creating heat that destroys the virus. The treatment typically takes less than 5 minutes and may require several sessions to completely eliminate the wart.

Swift Microwave treatment is particularly effective for plantar warts, which are warts that develop on the soles of the feet. Plantar warts can be particularly stubborn and difficult to treat, but Swift Microwave treatment has been shown to be effective in a large number of cases.

Patients may experience some discomfort or redness in the treated area after the procedure, but this typically resolves within a few days.

Swift Microwave treatment is a safe and effective treatment option for warts, but it may not be appropriate for everyone. Your healthcare provider can help determine if this treatment is right for you based on your individual needs and medical history.

Subungual haematoma

Posted on March 9, 2023 by Steve - Dermatology & nail pathology, S

A subungual haematoma is a collection of blood underneath the nail bed, usually caused by trauma to the finger or toe. Here are some key facts about subungual haematoma:

Causes:

Subungual haematoma is usually caused by direct trauma to the finger or toe, such as slamming a finger in a door or dropping a heavy object on the toe.
The trauma causes blood vessels under the nail bed to rupture, resulting in bleeding that collects under the nail.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of subungual haematoma include pain, swelling, and discolouration of the affected nail.
The nail may appear black, blue, or purple, depending on the amount of bleeding.

Diagnosis:

A diagnosis of subungual haematoma is typically made based on the appearance of the nail and the patient’s symptoms and medical history.
In some cases, imaging studies such as X-rays may be ordered to rule out underlying bone or tissue damage.

Treatment:

Treatment for subungual haematoma depends on the size and severity of the injury.
Small haematomas may resolve on their own, while larger haematomas may need to be drained to relieve pressure and prevent complications.
The nail may need to be partially or completely removed to drain the haematoma.

Prognosis:

With prompt and appropriate treatment, subungual haematoma typically resolves without complications.
However, in some cases, the nail may become deformed or discoloured as it grows back.
Recurrent episodes of subungual haematoma may occur in people who engage in activities that put the fingers or toes at risk of injury, such as rock climbing or martial arts.

Staph infections of the foot

Posted on March 9, 2023 by Steve - Dermatology & nail pathology, Infections, S

Staph infections are a type of bacterial infection that can occur on the skin or in deeper tissues of the foot. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common type of bacteria that causes staph infections, and it is commonly found on the skin and in the nose of healthy individuals.

Staph infections can occur in different parts of the foot, including the toes, soles, and heels. Symptoms of a staph infection in the foot may include redness, swelling, warmth, and tenderness in the affected area. In some cases, blisters or pus-filled bumps may also be present.

Staph infections of the foot can occur as a result of a break in the skin, such as a cut, scrape, or blister, which allows bacteria to enter the body. They can also occur as a result of a weakened immune system or poor circulation.

Treatment for staph infections of the foot may involve antibiotics, either taken orally or applied topically. In some cases, the infected area may need to be drained to remove pus or other fluids. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have a staph infection, as untreated infections can lead to more serious complications, such as cellulitis, osteomyelitis (infection of the bone), or sepsis.

Prevention of staph infections in the foot includes keeping the feet clean and dry, avoiding sharing personal items, such as shoes or socks, and wearing clean, properly fitting shoes and socks. If you have a cut or scrape on your foot, it is important to clean it thoroughly with soap and water, and cover it with a sterile bandage to prevent infection.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Posted on March 9, 2023 by Steve - Cancer, Dermatology & nail pathology, S

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of skin cancer that develops in the squamous cells that make up the outer layer of the skin. SCC can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most commonly found on areas of the skin that have been exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, hands, and arms. Here are some key facts about squamous cell carcinoma:

Causes:

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds is the primary cause of squamous cell carcinoma.
Other risk factors include fair skin, a history of frequent sunburns, a weakened immune system, exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, and a history of previous skin cancer.

Symptoms:

A firm, red bump or flat, scaly patch on the skin that may be crusty or bleed easily.
An open sore that does not heal or heals and then returns.
A growth that looks like a wart or raised, rough patch on the skin.

Diagnosis:

A biopsy is the only way to definitively diagnose squamous cell carcinoma.
During a biopsy, a small sample of the affected tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancerous cells are present.

Treatment:

Treatment for squamous cell carcinoma typically involves surgical removal of the cancerous tissue.
Mohs surgery, which involves removing thin layers of tissue and examining them under a microscope until all the cancerous cells are gone, is a common surgical technique for treating squamous cell carcinoma.
Other treatment options may include radiation therapy, topical chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.

Prognosis:

Squamous cell carcinoma is usually curable when detected and treated early.
If left untreated, squamous cell carcinoma can grow deeper into the skin and spread to other parts of the body, potentially becoming life-threatening.

Skin cancer of the foot

Posted on March 9, 2023 by Steve - Cancer, Dermatology & nail pathology, S

Skin cancer can occur on any part of the body, including the foot and ankle. The most common types of skin cancer that affect the feet are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common types of skin cancer and are usually caused by sun exposure. They typically appear as a small, raised, or flat bump that is pink, red, or white in colour. They may also have a scaly or crusted surface.

Melanoma is a less common but more serious type of skin cancer that can spread quickly to other parts of the body. It typically appears as a dark, irregularly shaped spot or mole that may bleed or itch.

To prevent skin cancer on the foot and ankle, it is important to wear proper footwear that provides adequate sun protection, such as shoes with a closed toe and a thick sole. Additionally, use sunscreen on exposed areas of the foot and ankle, and avoid prolonged sun exposure.

If you notice any unusual changes in the skin on your feet or ankles, such as a new growth, change in colour or texture, or persistent sore or ulcer, it is important to see a healthcare professional for evaluation. Treatment for skin cancer may include surgical removal of the affected area, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the type and severity of the cancer. Early detection and treatment are important for the best possible outcome.

Psoriatic nails

Posted on March 9, 2023 by Steve - Dermatology & nail pathology, P

Psoriatic nails are a common symptom of psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin condition that affects the nails, skin, and joints. Psoriatic nails can cause a variety of changes to the nails, including pitting, ridging, thickening, discolouration, and separation of the nail from the nail bed.

The severity of psoriatic nail involvement can vary from person to person, and in some cases, it can lead to functional impairment and pain. Psoriatic nail changes can also be a sign of more severe psoriasis and may indicate an increased risk of joint involvement.

Treatment of psoriatic nails may include topical and/or oral medications, depending on the severity of the symptoms. Topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, and retinoids may be used to treat mild to moderate cases of psoriatic nails. In more severe cases, systemic medications such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, or biologics may be necessary.

It is important for people with psoriatic nails to take good care of their nails and to see a dermatologist or podiatrist regularly for treatment and monitoring. This may include keeping the nails clean and dry, avoiding trauma to the nails, and wearing protective gloves when working with chemicals or doing other activities that could damage the nails.

Overall, psoriatic nails can be a chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment and management to control symptoms and prevent complications. Working with a healthcare provider can help develop an individualised treatment plan that meets the specific needs of the patient.